冬季封闭式肉种鸡舍空气颗粒物、氨气和二氧化碳分布特点及PM2.5理化特性分析

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2018.06.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旨在通过监测冬季肉种鸡舍内颗粒物（particulate matter，PM）、氨气（ammonia，NH₃）和二氧化碳（carbon dioxide，CO₂）的浓度变化及检测舍内细颗粒物PM_2.5的化学成分和电镜观察，分析冬季封闭式种鸡舍颗粒粉尘和有害气体的分布特点及鸡舍PM_2.5的可能来源。试验监测于2016年12月在江苏某封闭式肉种鸡舍进行，鸡舍内饲养5 626只57~58周龄优矮种鸡。鸡舍内共设7个监测位置，舍外1个监测位置，每天05：00-21：00每2 h监测一次温度、相对湿度、风速、光照、PM浓度、NH₃和CO₂浓度，连续监测8 d；鸡舍中央位置固定颗粒物采样器，每天连续16 h采集PM_2.5用于成分检测及电镜观察。结果表明：1）鸡舍前部（进风口）的温度、PM和NH₃浓度均显著低于中部和后部（P<0.05）；鸡舍内不同粒径PM浓度极显著高于舍外（P<0.001）；早上喂料时（05：00） PM_2.5、PM₁₀和TSP浓度最高，熄灯后（21：00） PM浓度低于其他监测时间，而PM_2.5/PM₁₀、PM₁₀/TSP和PM_2.5/TSP在安静时（21：00）最高；除了PM_2.5，风速与其他微环境变量均有显著相关性（P<0.01）；舍内风速和CO₂浓度受舍外影响不大；2）鸡舍PM_2.5成分以有机碳（OC）含量最高，NO₃^-和SO₄^2-浓度较高；通过电镜观察发现，鸡舍PM_2.5多为矿物颗粒和部分烟尘集合体；PM_2.5能谱图显示C和O的质量百分比、原子数百分比最高。监测鸡舍外PM浓度比舍内低，舍内的前部（进风口）的空气质量比中部和后部好，鸡的活动是引起粗颗粒（PM₁₀、TSP）浓度上升的主要原因，肉种鸡舍内PM_2.5主要成分为有机物和矿物质，主要来源于饲料、粪便和地面扬尘等。

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of particulate matter (PM), ammonia (NH₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) in an enclosed caged broiler breeder house as well as the component and ultrastructure of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) collected from the hen house in winter. Detections of temperature, relative humidity, airflow speed, illumination and concentrations of PM, NH₃ and CO₂ were taken from 05:00 to 21:00 in every two hours for 8-day continuous measuring in December 2016 in an enclosed broiler breeder house with 7 monitoring positions inside the house and 1 outside the house. There were 5 626 Youai breeder hens of 57-58 weeks old in the house. Furthermore, particles sampler was fixed at the middle position of the breeder hen house to collect PM_2.5 for 16 h per day which was used to analyze chemical composition and observe ultrastructure. The results showed that:1) The temperature, PM and NH₃ concentrations in forepart of the breeder hen house were markedly lower than middle and back position (P<0.05). The PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and TSP concentrations inside the breeder hen house were significantly higher than outside the breeder hen house(P<0.001). The PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and TSP concentrations all were the highest at feeding time (05:00) in the morning, and these were the lowest after turning off the lights at 21:00. Whereas the ratios of PM_2.5/PM₁₀, PM₁₀/TSP, PM_2.5/TSP were the highest when the chicken flocks were quiet. Airflow speeds showed significant correlation with other microclimatic variables except PM_2.5 (P<0.01). The CO₂ concentration and airflow speed were affected indistinctively by ambient air outside the house. 2) Organic carbon (OC) was the mainly component of PM_2.5 collected from the enclosed breeder hen house, concentrations of NO₃^- and SO₄^2- were also relatively high comparing with other components. It was observed that the PM_2.5 of layer house contained many mineral particles and a part of smoke collection by electron microscopy. Energy spectrum diagrams of PM_2.5 revealed that both mass percent and atomic percent of C and O were the highest. The PM concentrations inside the monitored house were higher than outside. Air quality in the forepart of the house (air inlet) was better than middle and back. Chicken activity mainly caused coarse particles (PM₁₀, TSP) increase. Organic matter and mineral were the major components of PM_2.5 from the enclosed breeder hen house, which mainly come from feed, feces and ground dust.

中图分类号:

S831.43

沈丹, 戴鹏远, 吴胜, 唐倩, 李春梅. 冬季封闭式肉种鸡舍空气颗粒物、氨气和二氧化碳分布特点及PM_2.5理化特性分析[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2018, 49(6): 1178-1193.

SHEN Dan, DAI Peng-yuan, WU Sheng, TANG Qian, LI Chun-mei. Distribution of Particles, Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide as well as Physicochemical Property of PM_2.5 in an Enclosed Broiler Breeder House in Winter[J]. ACTA VETERINARIA ET ZOOTECHNICA SINICA, 2018, 49(6): 1178-1193.

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